However, they ran into a different form of Bentley's paradox. Finding no problems initially, scientists adapted the model to describe the universe. He collaborated in 1917 with Dutch astronomer Willem de Sitter to help demonstrate that the theory of general relativity would work with a static model Willem demonstrated that his equations could describe a very simple universe. Einstein's cosmological constant Īlbert Einstein favored a completely unchanging model of the universe. Newton's copy of Principia, the book that caused Richard Bentley to send Newton the letter. Although, it is now known that stars move around and aren't static. This question is known as Bentley's paradox, a proto-theory of the Big Crunch. "If we're in a finite universe and all stars attract each other together, would they not all collapse to a singular point, and if we're in an infinite universe with infinite stars, would infinite forces in every direction not affect all of those stars?" Richard Bentley, a churchman, and a scholar, in preparation for a lecture on Newton's theories and the rejection of atheism, sent a letter out to Sir Isaac Newton, This could potentially repeat forever in a phenomenon known as a cyclic universe. The Big Crunch theory also leads into another hypothesis known as the Big Bounce, in which after the big crunch destroys the universe, it does a sort of bounce, causing another big bang. The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to researchers who contributed to this discovery. If the expansion stopped, then contraction will inevitably follow, accelerating as time passes and finishing the universe in a kind of gravitational collapse,Įxperimental evidence in the late 1990s and early 2000s (namely the observation of distant supernovas as standard candles and the well-resolved mapping of the cosmic microwave background) led to the conclusion that the expansion of the universe is not getting slowed by gravity but is instead accelerating. The FLRW cosmology can predict whether the expansion will eventually stop based on the average energy density, Hubble parameter, and cosmological constant. The Big Crunch scenario hypothesized that the density of matter throughout the universe is sufficiently high that gravitational attraction will overcome the expansion which began with the Big Bang. In the final moments, the universe would be one large fireball with a temperature of infinity, and at the absolute end, neither time, nor space would remain. The ending of the Big Crunch would get filled with radiation from stars and high-energy particles when this is condensed and blueshifted to higher energy, it would be intense enough to ignite the surface of stars before they collide. This reversal would result in the universe collapsing on itself, not too dissimilar to a black hole. With enough matter, gravity could stop the universe's expansion and eventually reverse it. It could either expand or contract rather than stay stable. The theory dates back to 1922, with Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann creating a set of equations showing that the end of the universe depends on its density. However, there are new theories that suggest that a "Big Crunch-style" event could happen by the way of a dark energy fluctuation however, this is still being debated amongst scientists. Instead, astronomical observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating rather than being slowed by gravity, suggesting that it's more or less likely to have a Big Freeze occur. The vast majority of evidence indicates that this hypothesis is not correct. The Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the expansion of the universe eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.
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